The transition to a carbon-neutral world and the development of technologies – electrification of uses, digitalisation, decarbonised electricity production, etc. – will profoundly change our energy system. To shed light on these developments, and following on from the reports published with the same experts on the European electricity system, France Stratégie has called on three European economists: Marc Oliver Bettzüge, Professor and Director of the Institute of Energy Economics at the University of Cologne, Dieter Helm, Professor of Energy Policy at Oxford, and Fabien Roques, Associate Professor at the University of Paris-Dauphine and Vice-President of Compass Lexecon. The conclusion is clear: we need to rethink not only the wholesale electricity market, but also the regulation of the electricity system.